Teenage Pregnancy Speech Essay Example

Teenage Pregnancy Speech Essay Speech Purpose To persuade the audience to support the prevention of teenage pregnancy. Thesis: The problem of teenage pregnancy should be prevented rather than glorified. Claim: Policy Organizational Pattern: Problem-solution l. Introduction A. Attention Getter: In todays society, teens are faced with many pressures. The effect of these pressures put on them is the Inability to make good decisions when It comes to certain situations. Two of the most common situations that teens find themselves pressured into have to do with alcohol and sex when they are not ready. And more often than not, the two are related. B. Relevance: Most of us, being on a college campus, have been around alcohol or drugs, whether we care to admit it or not. According to an article titled Teens Tempting Fate, accessed April 30, 2012, when sober, about 75% of teens remember to use protection. While intoxicated, only 10% remember to use protection. Boys, imagine waking up next to a random girl, not remembering what happened the night before, and then finding out a month later that she is pregnant with your child. We will write a custom essay sample on Teenage Pregnancy Speech specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Teenage Pregnancy Speech specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Teenage Pregnancy Speech specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Girls, imagine being in the same situation, but having to contact that random boy and tell him that you are pregnant. C. Credibility: A few years ago, this very problem happened to one of my friends, and I had to support her as she went through all of the hardships of being pregnant at 16. Her situation got me interested in what can be done to prevent this issue. D. Thesis: In my pollen, the problem of teenage pregnancy should be prevented rather than glorified. E. Preview: To further understand why teenage pregnancy Is such an Issue, I will first discuss some of the biggest causes of teenage pregnancy, then, the effects that media has on a teenagers view of teenage pregnancy, and finally, discuss some f the solutions that have been brought up. Transition: To begin, I will talk about some of the situations that teens are put In that can lead to becoming pregnant at a young age. II. Body A. There are many supposed causes for teenage pregnancies, some more common than others. Most high schools have a health education class. At my high school, this class was required for every student to take their sophomore year. In this class, we learned everything we would ever need to know about our bodies, Including how schools have a sex education program, for others this is not the case. I. According o Judy Cherish, in an interview conducted on April 25, 2012, the high school in her town, Princeton Texas, does not have a sex education program. In 2006, the state of Texas had the highest rate of pregnancies in the entire US. Lack of sex education is said to play a big role in teenage pregnancies. On the flip side, a lot of kids who know all about birth control are simply too scared or to embarrassed to ask about it. Girls might be afraid to ask their parents about birth control because she is afraid that her parents will be displeased that she is having sex. Boys might be embarrassed to go to the local C.V. to buy a pack of condoms. Another big contributor to teenage pregnancy is peer pressure. There are plenty of girls that have been pressured to have sex when they are not ready. When you are young and dont know the difference between right and wrong, peer pressure is an easy thing to give in to. As sad as it is, rape is another source of multiple teenage pregnancies. Sometimes the abuser is a random man, but there have been multiple cases with a friend or family member being the abuser. According to the article Causes of Teenage Pregnancies, accessed earlier this week, in a study, the abuser was at least ix years older than the victim. Transition: Whether a teenager has had a sex deed class or not, most of them have been around the media. B. Certain television shows give an unrealistic impression of what being a teenage parent is actually like. Most of us have heard of the BBC Family show the Secret Life of the American Teenager. In my opinion, this show is accidental glorification of the life on a teenage mom. According to the article The Media Addresses Teenage Pregnancy, accessed earlier this week, the show is centered on Amy, a teenage mother, and everything she goes through being a mother. Now this is where BBC Family goes wrong. Amy is offered a Job that provides free health insurance and free daycare. The father of the baby gets a Job and an apartment, and also helps out with the baby. BBC is giving teens the illusion that everything works out for a teen mother and everyone will drop everything to help out with the baby. They are not showing the realities of being a teen parent. On the other side of the argument, there are some shows that do depict the ugly truth of being a parent so young. Mats 16 and Pregnant and Teen Mom definitely make teen pregnancy look like a living hell. These woo shows reveal all of the hardships that come along on the road to being a parent, such as the tough decisions, the financial problems, and they even show the painful births. While these families no doubt are being paid buckets of money to be on this show, it does give a better view on what teenage pregnancy is actually like rather than Abss fantasy version. Although Teen Mom and 16 and Pregnant give a good example of what it is like, some girls are still desperate to have a baby, and that will never change. Transition: Finally, we will discuss some of the solutions that can help the issue. First choice would be abstinence. This is the only way to be 100% sure that you will not get pregnant, but most people who are already sexually active dont like this choice. Girls, at this age, you can talk to your doctors on your own and obtain birth control pills such as Hazy or Seasonings. If you do happen to find yourself in a situation where you would need it, Plan B is always available at the pharmacy. Plan B is simply a higher dose off birth control drug. Another very obvious option is condoms. I understand that it is embarrassing to be seen buying condoms at th e store, but honestly is it worth risking having a baby to save yourself a little embarrassment? They are cheap and there are a large variety of them. All around a much better option than risking getting pregnant. Transition: By learning about the issue of teenage pregnancy we can reduce the subject of kids having kids. Ill. Conclusion A. No matter what we do there is no way to completely eliminate teenage pregnancy. B. Kids are going to have sex no matter what because, well, they are kids. They want to feel grown up. But we can take certain steps to try to reduce the number of young pregnancies. C. So, next time you find yourself in a situation similar to this, Just remember, dont be silly, wrap your Wily! Teenage Pregnancy speech Essay Example Teenage Pregnancy speech Essay To persuade the audience to support the prevention of teenage pregnancy. Thesis: The problem of teenage pregnancy should be prevented rather than glorified. Claim: Policy Organizational Pattern: Problem-solution l. Introduction A. Attention Getter: In todays society, teens are faced with many pressures. The effect of these pressures put on them is the Inability to make good decisions when It comes to certain situations. Two of the most common situations that teens find themselves pressured into have to do with alcohol and sex when they are not ready. And more often than not, the two are related. B. Relevance: Most of us, being on a college campus, have been around alcohol or drugs, whether we care to admit it or not. According to an article titled Teens Tempting Fate, accessed April 30, 2012, when sober, about 75% of teens remember to use protection. While intoxicated, only 10% remember to use protection. Boys, imagine waking up next to a random girl, not remembering what happened the night before, and then finding out a month later that she is pregnant with your child. Girls, imagine being in the same situation, but having to contact that random boy and tell him that you are pregnant. C. Credibility: A few years ago, this very problem happened to one of my friends, and I had to support her as she went through all of the hardships of being pregnant at 16. Her situation got me interested in what can be done to prevent this issue. D. Thesis: In my pollen, the problem of teenage pregnancy should be prevented rather than glorified. E. We will write a custom essay sample on Teenage Pregnancy speech specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Teenage Pregnancy speech specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Teenage Pregnancy speech specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Preview: To further understand why teenage pregnancy Is such an Issue, I will first discuss some of the biggest causes of teenage pregnancy, then, the effects that media has on a teenagers view of teenage pregnancy, and finally, discuss some f the solutions that have been brought up. Transition: To begin, I will talk about some of the situations that teens are put In that can lead to becoming pregnant at a young age. II. Body A. There are many supposed causes for teenage pregnancies, some more common than others. Most high schools have a health education class. At my high school, this class was required for every student to take their sophomore year. In this class, we learned everything we would ever need to know about our bodies, Including how schools have a sex education program, for others this is not the case. I. According o Judy Cherish, in an interview conducted on April 25, 2012, the high school in her town, Princeton Texas, does not have a sex education program. In 2006, the state of Texas had the highest rate of pregnancies in the entire US. Lack of sex education is said to play a big role in teenage pregnancies. On the flip side, a lot of kids who know all about birth control are simply too scared or to embarrassed to ask about it. Girls might be afraid to ask their parents about birth control because she is afraid that her parents will be displeased that she is having sex. Boys might be embarrassed to go to the local C.V. to buy a pack of condoms. Another big contributor to teenage pregnancy is peer pressure. There are plenty of girls that have been pressured to have sex when they are not ready. When you are young and dont know the difference between right and wrong, peer pressure is an easy thing to give in to. As sad as it is, rape is another source of multiple teenage pregnancies. Sometimes the abuser is a random man, but there have been multiple cases with a friend or family member being the abuser. According to the article Causes of Teenage Pregnancies, accessed earlier this week, in a study, the abuser was at least ix years older than the victim. Transition: Whether a teenager has had a sex deed class or not, most of them have been around the media. B. Certain television shows give an unrealistic impression of what being a teenage parent is actually like. Most of us have heard of the BBC Family show the Secret Life of the American Teenager. In my opinion, this show is accidental glorification of the life on a teenage mom. According to the article The Media Addresses Teenage Pregnancy, accessed earlier this week, the show is centered on Amy, a teenage mother, and everything she goes through being a mother. Now this is where BBC Family goes wrong. Amy is offered a Job that provides free health insurance and free daycare. The father of the baby gets a Job and an apartment, and also helps out with the baby. BBC is giving teens the illusion that everything works out for a teen mother and everyone will drop everything to help out with the baby. They are not showing the realities of being a teen parent. On the other side of the argument, there are some shows that do depict the ugly truth of being a parent so young. Mats 16 and Pregnant and Teen Mom definitely make teen pregnancy look like a living hell. These woo shows reveal all of the hardships that come along on the road to being a parent, such as the tough decisions, the financial problems, and they even show the painful births. While these families no doubt are being paid buckets of money to be on this show, it does give a better view on what teenage pregnancy is actually like rather than Abss fantasy version. Although Teen Mom and 16 and Pregnant give a good example of what it is like, some girls are still desperate to have a baby, and that will never change. Transition: Finally, we will discuss some of the solutions that can help the issue. First choice would be abstinence. This is the only way to be 100% sure that you will not get pregnant, but most people who are already sexually active dont like this choice. Girls, at this age, you can talk to your doctors on your own and obtain birth control pills such as Hazy or Seasonings. If you do happen to find yourself in a situation where you would need it, Plan B is always available at the pharmacy. Plan B is simply a higher dose off birth control drug. Another very obvious option is condoms. I understand that it is embarrassing to be seen buying condoms at th e store, but honestly is it worth risking having a baby to save yourself a little embarrassment? They are cheap and there are a large variety of them. All around a much better option than risking getting pregnant. Transition: By learning about the issue of teenage pregnancy we can reduce the subject of kids having kids. Ill. Conclusion A. No matter what we do there is no way to completely eliminate teenage pregnancy. B. Kids are going to have sex no matter what because, well, they are kids. They want to feel grown up. But we can take certain steps to try to reduce the number of young pregnancies. C. So, next time you find yourself in a situation similar to this, Just remember, dont be silly, wrap your Wily!

Private Schools in Westchester County, New York

Private Schools in Westchester County, New York Westchester County, north of New York City, is home to several private schools. This list concentrates on non-parochial college-prep private schools. Hackley School Founded in 1899Located in Tarrytown840 Students, Grades K-12 Hackley School was founded in 1899 by Mrs. Caleb Brewster Hackley, a Unitarian leader who dedicated the mansion where she summered to start the school. The school was originally a boarding school for boys from a broad variety of economic, ethnic, and religious backgrounds. In 1970, the school became co-ed and, from 1970 to 1972, added a K-4 program. The boarding program is now a five-day program. The school, which now enrolls 840 students K-12, has a rigorous academic program and 62 sports teams, building on the schools tradition of having an early football team. The school has always valued community and the power of friendship. The schools mission reads as follows, Hackley challenges students to grow in character, scholarship, and accomplishment, to offer unreserved effort, and to learn from the varying perspectives and backgrounds in our community and the world. Students tend to score well on Advanced Placement (AP) exams, and the middle 50% of a recent graduating class ranged from 1280-1460 on the Math and Critical Reading sections of the SAT (out of a possible 1600). According to the headmaster, Diversity is fundamental to our understanding of what good education is and one of the hallmarks of our communitys culture. Masters School Founded in 1877Located in Dobb Ferry588 Students, Grades 5-12 Located in Dobbs Ferry, 30 miles from New York City, Masters School was founded in 1877 by Eliza Bailey Masters, who wanted her students, who were girls, to have a serious classical education and not just the education provided by a typical finishing school. As a result, the girls at the school studied Latin and math, and by the turn of the century, the curriculum became college-preparatory in nature. The school attracted boarding students from across the country. In 1996, the school became co-ed in the Upper School, and an all-boys middle school was created to exist alongside the all-girls middle school. The Upper School also started to use oval-shaped Harkness tables and their attendant discussion-based teaching style, which originated at Phillips Exeter Academy. The school also began the CITY term , a semester program that uses New York City as a learning laboratory. The school now enrolls 588 students from grades 5-12 (boarding and day) and recently built a new science and technology center. Twenty-five percent of students receive financial aid. The schools mission reads, The Masters School provides a challenging academic environment that encourages critical, creative, and independent habits of thought and a lifelong passion for learning. The Masters School promotes and celebrates academic achievement, artistic development, ethical action, athletic endeavor, and personal growth. The School maintains a diverse community that encourages students to participate actively in decisions affecting their lives and to develop an appreciation of their responsibilities to the larger world. Rye Country Day School Founded in 1869Located in Rye850 Students, Grades PK-12 RCDS was founded in 1869 when local parents invited a schoolmaster named Reverend William Life and his wife, Susan, to Rye to educate their daughters. Opened as the Rye Female Seminary, the school began to concentrate on preparing girls for college. In 1921, the school merged with the all-boys Rye Country School to form the Rye Country Day School. Today, 850 students in grades Pre-K through 12 attend the school. Fourteen percent of its students receive financial aid. The schools mission reads as follows, Rye Country Day School is a coeducational, college preparatory school dedicated to providing students from Pre-Kindergarten through Grade 12 with an excellent education using both traditional and innovative approaches. In a nurturing and supportive environment, we offer a challenging program that stimulates individuals to achieve their maximum potential through academic, athletic, creative and social endeavors. We are actively committed to diversity. We expect and promote moral responsibility, and strive to develop strength of character within a respectful school community. Our goal is to foster a lifelong passion for learning, understanding, and service in an ever-changing world. Rippowam Cisqua: A PreK-9 School Founded in 1916Located in Mount Kisco (the Lower School campus)Located in Bedford (the Middle School campus)521 Students, Grades PK-9 Rippowam was founded in 1916 as the Rippowam School for Girls. In the early 1920s, the school became co-ed, and it later merged with the more progressive Cisqua School in 1972. The school now has an average class size of 18 students, and a faculty-to-student ratio of 1:5. Many of the schools graduates go on to attend top boarding schools and local day schools. The schools mission reads as follows: The mission of Rippowam Cisqua School is to educate students to become independent thinkers, confident in their abilities and themselves. We are committed to a dynamic program of academics, the arts, and athletics, and support an engaged faculty to challenge students to discover and explore their talents to the fullest. Honesty, consideration, and respect for others are fundamental to Rippowam Cisqua. In an atmosphere that promotes intellectual curiosity and a lifelong love of learning, Rippowam Cisqua strives to instill in students a strong sense of connection to their community and to the larger world. We, as a school, recognize the common humanity of all people and teach understanding and respect for the differences among us.

Breast Cancer in Australian Women

Breast Cancer in Australian Women Breast cancer is most common cancer in Australian women. Breast cancer occurs when the cells lining the breast ducts or lobules grow abnormally and out of control.There are two common broad groups of breast cancers: Pre-invasive: where the cancer cells are still confined to the ducts or lobules of the breast.Invasive: this means the cancer has spread outside the ducts or lobules of the breast into the surrounding tissue. Breast screening is an important element in the response to breast cancer incidence in our communities. Some signs and symptoms to be aware of are: A lump, lumpiness or thickening of the breast tissueChanges to the nipple, such as a change in shape, crusting, a sore or ulcer, redness, unusual dischargeChanges to the skin of the breast, such as dimpling, unusual redness or other colour changesA change to the shape of the breast, including increase or decrease in sizeSwelling or discomfort in the armpitPersistent pain that is not related to your normal menstrual cycle TREATMENT OPTIONS Breast cancer treatment is often a multidisciplinary effort, involving: surgerychemotherapy andradiotherapyThere are different approaches available for all three treatment modalities in terms of technique, treatment regimens and prescriptions. Your team of specialists will discuss and recommend what is best suited for your diagnosis.As an example, for early stage breast cancer breast conserving surgery (lumpectomy) followed by a course of chemotherapy and then external beam radiotherapy is a common and standard treatment approach.External Beam Radiotherapy for Breast Cancer Radiotherapy has a vital role in the management of breast cancer.It is used: In conjunction with surgery (either lumpectomy removal of the tumour itself, or mastectomy removal of the breast, including the tumour)Instead of surgery,In advanced cases of cancer for symptom control (palliation)In each of these scenarios the treatment program is individualised for the patient based on the surgery undertaken, and the pathology and disease staging test results. Sometimes only the breast (or chest) requires radiation and sometimes both the breast and any affected lymph nodes are treated.Routinely radiotherapy treatment is delivered using External Beam Radiotherapy, but brachytherapy is also a viable treatment option for certain patients. Your Radiation Oncologist is the best person to advise you on what treatment is required, how effective the therapy should be, and how the treatment will affect you. AVAILABLE SERVICES All of our Genesis Cancer Care centres are actively involved in breast cancer research and hold joint multidisciplinary clinics where patient cases are discussed by surgeons, radiation and medical oncologists so that optimal overall care and treatment planning can be achieved. These groups of specialist treatment physicians are also supported by pathologists and radiologists who provide important diagnosis reports and investigations.Our treatment centres, in addition to providing the highest quality treatment services make support care via breast nurses and counsellors readily available. Link to Quick Links

The Economic Role of R & D Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Economic Role of R & D - Essay Example However, behind all these, Canada seems to have been a very quiet spectator seeming lagging on the development bandwagon. The country seems to have been a very quite neighbour, dwarfed by the gigantic research and development machinery of the United States. Sancton1 abhors the seemingly backwardness and lack of initiative on the Canadian government to invest in research and development comparing the cities’ innovations that are left wanting as well as the seemingly lack of political will to support such investments that will lead to economic development. However, it is quite unfair to match the two nations evenly since there is a large difference between the dollars allotted by Americans to research and development than Canadians. Hence, it is only fair for any country with lesser resources to allocate these much more intelligently and therefore focus of the much needed improvements that are essential for the betterment of their constituents. Thus, even governments and non-pro fit organizations have adopted the use of the balanced scorecard (BSC) postulated by Kaplan and Norton in order to be able to have a more strategically planned allocation of these resources. Of course these institutions work on a limited funding whereby there are the limitations of taxes and grants respectively2. Hence, in light of the aforementioned limitations, Canada cannot go toe-to-toe with its giant neighbour in terms of research spending. However, as Clark brings forward, the country has more consciously focused their research efforts in order to have more impact and to be able to bring in more economic developments given the limited amount of funding available3. A Parallel Flux There has been an increasingly similarity though on the forces that affect the two countries. The impact of the forces has steadily been having the same effect on the US and Canada whereby there has been an increasing similarity in the responses of the two countries as the effects of such forces affec t the two countries in almost the same way. However, as mentioned, the capability of the latter seem wanting as compared to the former4. Indeed, Canada needs to step up on the research and development area since the competition globally has likewise become stiffer. Of course Canadians will want to enjoy the same economic prosperity by the other countries, especially its peers among the advanced economies. There have been improvements that have crept at towards the close of the last century5. However, these changes have not moved fast when the speed of the global economy shifted to a higher gear when the technological innovations kicked in during the past decade. Indeed, the only effect of the housing crisis of the US in Canada was the dampening in the demand for housing needs, particularly lumber, which goes to show the extent to the disparity between the neighbouring economies. Focused Improvement In effect, the country has to really focus its efforts to improve their research and technology. Basically, economics is about allocating scarce resources and Canada knows that compared to its giant neighbour, their resources are indeed lacking. However, research truly involves more than funding since it also involves the intelligence of researchers and of course their creativity which cannot always be calibrated. But, given the realities, the

Job Satisfaction Statistical Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Job Satisfaction Statistical Analysis - Essay Example As the paper stresses the statistics presented at this stage did not contribute to the validation of either the null or the alternate hypothesis but more generally fortified the claim that job dissatisfaction was high among practitioners of this particular profession. Therefore, at his point, one can critique the mentioned research on the basis of its having including statistics which may be deemed irrelevant with the context of the hypothesis set. This essay declares that the criticism here is the same as above. In brief, the statistics cited are relevant to neither the null nor the alternate hypothesis. Certainly, the researchers proved the existence of a problem within the profession as indicated by statistics signaling that the greater majority planned to retire the profession. However, while one may logically assume that the stated intention is reflective of job satisfaction, the fact is that this is an unproven assumption, unsupported by the set of statistics provided by the re searchers. Hence, within the context of this particular research, the statistical data employed proved high turnover ad a lack of organizational commitment but neither proven the null nor the alternate hypotheses. The null hypothesis, that positive work experience is positively related to job satisfaction was supported through statistical data collected from quantitative questionnaires distributed among the sample population.

Business Ethics in Bangladesh Essay Example for Free

Business Ethics in Bangladesh Essay Social responsibility requires individuals engaging in business endeavors to behave in an ethical manner. Ethics are principles of behavior that distinguish between right and wrong. Ethical conduct conforms to what a group or society as a whole considers right behavior. People working in business frequently face ethical questions. Business ethics is the evaluation of business activities and behavior as right or wrong. Ethical standards in business are based on commonly accepted principles of behavior established by the expectations of society, the firm, the industry, and an individual’s personal values. Critically, Business Ethics can be defined as the critical, structured examination of how people institutions should behave in the world of commerce. In particular, it involves examining appropriate constraints on the pursuit of self-interest, or (for firms) profits, when the actions of individuals or firms affects others. (9) With unethical business practices often receiving publicity, the public sometimes believe that people in business are less ethical than others in society. But ethical problems challenge all segments of our society, including government, churches, and higher education. Most business leaders realize their firms cannot succeed without the trust of customers and the goodwill of society. A violation of ethics makes trust and goodwill difficult to maintain. In thousands of companies, executives and employees act according to the highest ethical standards. Unfortunately managers in some firms behave unethically, and these instances are often highly publicized. Personnel executive say the major reason managers behave unethically is to obtain power and money. Business ethics is a wider term that includes many other sub ethics that are relevant to the respective field. For example there is marketing ethics for marketing, ethics in HR for Human Resource Department and the like. Business ethics itself is a part of applied ethics; the latter takes care of ethical questions in the technical, social, legal and business ethics. Origin of Business Ethics When we trace the origin of business ethics we start with a period where profit maximization was seen as the only purpose of existence for a business. There was no consideration whatsoever for non-economic values, be  it the people who worked with organizations or the society that allowed the business to flourish. It was only in late 1980’s and 1990’s that both intelligentsia and the academics as well as the corporate began to show interest in the same. Nowadays almost all organizations lay due emphasis on their responsibilities towards the society and the nature and they call it by different names like corporate social responsibility, corporate governance or social responsibility charter. Primary and Important Sources of Business ethics Ethics in general refers to a system of good and bad, moral and immoral, fair and unfair. It is a code of conduct that is supposed to align behaviors within an organization and the social framework. But the question that remains is, where and when did business ethics come into being? Primarily ethics in business is affected by the following sources – family, religion, culture, legal system, codes of conduct, and personal experience. It is for this reason we do not have uniform or completely similar standards across the globe. These factors exert influences to varying degrees on humans which ultimately get reflected in the ethics of the organization. For example, ethics followed by Grameen Phone Ltd. are different from those followed by Square Group or Unilever for that matter. Again ethical procedures vary across geographic boundaries. Family A person’s values is the source of their ethics, and it is their philosophy, spiritual or religious beliefs that usually help mold and shape those values, but most of all it is how a person is raised by his family that sets the foundation for his ethics in later life. It’s the basic source of business ethics. Religion It is one of the oldest foundations of ethical standards. Religion wields varying influences across various sects of people. It is believed that ethics is a manifestation of the divine and so it draws a line between the good and the bad in the society. Depending upon the degree of religious influence we have different sects of people; we have sects, those who are referred to as orthodox or fundamentalists and those who are called as moderates. Needless to mention, religion exerts itself to a greater degree among the orthodox and to lesser extent in case of moderates. Fundamentally however all the religions operate on the principle of reciprocity towards ones fellow beings! Culture Culture is a pattern of behaviors and values that are transferred from one generation to another, those that are considered as ideal or within the acceptable limits. No wonder therefore that it is the culture that predominantly determines what is wrong and what is right. It is the culture that defines certain behavior as acceptable and others as unacceptable. Human civilization is fact has passed through various cultures, wherein the moral code was redrafted depending upon the epoch that was. What was immortal or unacceptable in certain culture became acceptable later on and vice versa. During the early years of human development where ones who were the strongest were the ones who survived! Violence, hostility and ferocity were thus the acceptable. Approximately 10,000 year ago when human civilization entered the settlement phase, hard work, patience and peace were seen as virtues and the earlier ones were considered otherwise. These values are still in practice by the managers of to day. Still further, when human civilization witnessed the industrial revolution, the ethics of agrarian economy was replaced by the law pertaining to technology, property rights etc. Ever since a tussle has ensued between the values of the agrarian and the industrial economy! Laws or Legal System of a Country Laws are procedures and code of conduct that are laid down by the legal system of the state. They are meant to guide human behavior within the social fabric. The major problem with the law is that all the ethical expectations cannot be covered by the law and specially with ever changing outer environment the law and specially with ever changing outer environment the law keeps on changing but often fails to keep pace. In business, complying with the rule of law is taken as ethical behavior, but organizations often break laws by evading taxes, compromising on quality,  service norms etc. Business Codes of Conduct A business code of ethics is a series of established principles an organization uses when operating in business or society. Organizations often develop these codes to ensure that all individuals working in the company operate according to the same standards. Most individuals have an internal code of ethics or moral principles they follow in life. A situation one individual finds ethically reprehensible may not seem so to another individual. Using a code of ethics in business attempts to create a basic understanding of acceptable ethical behavior to be used when handling situations involving the company, government agencies and the general public. Past Experience If an individual is rewarded or is not punished for behaving unethically, the behavior will probably be repeated. This type of experience encourages other to do unethical things in future. Likewise the threat of punishment and the lack of reward for unethical activities encourage that particular person and all others to behave ethically. Factors Influencing Ethical Behavior To encourage ethical behavior, executives, managers, and owners of firms must understand what influences behavior in the first place. The several factors that affect individuals’ behavior in business: the business environment, organizational factors, and an individual’s personal moral philosophy. The Business Environment Almost daily, business managers face ethical dilemmas resulting from the pressure of the business environment. They are challenged to meet sales quotas, cut costs, increase efficiency, or overtake competitors. Managers and employees may sometimes think the only way to survive in the competitive world of business is by deception or cheating. In some instances, an organization may use someone else’s successful work without the permission of the owner or originator. Conflict of interest is another common ethical problem stemming from the business environment. Often an individual has a  chance to further selfish interests rather than the interests of the organization or society. To gain favor with people who make purchasing decisions for their companies, a seller may offer special favors or gifts, ranging from a metal to clothing to trips. Some offer cash-a kickback-for putting through a contract or placing orders with a company. Others offer bribes. Such illegal conduct will damage the organization in the long run. In order to limit unethical behavior, business firms must begin by expecting their employees to obey all laws and regulations. The international business environment presents further ethical dilemmas. Business people and government officials in different countries and cultures often operate according to different ethical standards. The Organization The organization itself also influences ethical behavior. Individuals often learn ethical or unethical behaviors by interacting with others in the organization. An employee who sees a superior or co-worker behaving unethically may follow suit. An organization can also use rewards to influence the behavior of its members. If an individual is rewarded or is not punished for behaving unethically, the behavior will probably be repeated. Likewise the threat of punishment and the lack of reward for unethical activities encourage ethical behavior. The severity of punishment also sends a message to other individuals who might be considering similar activities. The Individual Values A person’s own moral philosophy also influences his or her ethical behavior. A moral philosophy is the set of principles that dictate acceptable behavior. These principles are learned from family, friends, co-workers, and other social groups and through formal education. In developing a moral philosophy, individuals can follow two approaches: The Humanistic Philosophy focuses on individual rights and values. Individuals and organizations adopting this philosophy would honor their moral duties to customers and workers. Individuals and organizations following the Utilitarian Philosophy seek the greatest good for the largest number of people. Importance of Business Ethics Most of us would agree that it is ethics in practice that makes sense; just having it carefully drafted and redrafted in books may not serve the purpose. Of course all of us want to be fair, clean and beneficial to the society. For that to happen, organizations need to abide by ethics or rule of law, engage themselves in fair practices and competition; all of which will benefit the consumer, the society and organization. Primarily it is the individual, the consumer, the employee or the human social unit of the society who benefits from ethics. In addition ethics is important because of the following: 1. Satisfying Basic Human Needs: Being fair, honest and ethical is one of the basic human needs.  Every employee desires to be such himself and to work for an organization that is fair and ethical in its practices. 2. Creating Credibility: An organization that is believed to be driven by moral values is respected in the society even by those who may have no information about the working and businesses of that organization. British American Tobacco, for example is perceived as an organization for good corporate governance and social responsibility initiatives. This perception is held far and wide even by those who do not even know what business the organization is into. 3. Uniting People and Leadership: An organization driven by values is revered by its employees also. They are the common thread that brings the employees and the decision makers on a common platform. This goes a long way in aligning behaviors within the organization towards achievement of one common goal or mission. 4. Improving Decision Making: A man’s destiny is the sum totals of all the decisions that he/she takes in course of his life. The same holds true for organizations. Decisions are driven by values. For example, an organization that does not value competition will be fierce in its operations aiming to wipe out its competitors and establish a monopoly in the market. 5. Long Term gains: Organizations guided by ethics and values are profitable in the long run, though in the short run they may seem to lose money. For Example, Tata group, one of the largest business conglomerates in India was  seen on the verge of decline at the beginning of 1990’s, which soon turned out to be otherwise. The same company’s Tata NANO car was predicted as a failure, and failed to do well but the same is picking up fast now. 6. Securing the Society: Often ethics succeeds law in safeguarding the society. The law machinery is often found acting as a mute spectator, unable to save the society and the environment. Technology, for example is growing at such a fast pace that the by the time law comes up with a regulation we have a newer technology with new threats replacing the older one. Lawyers and public interest litigations may not help a great deal but ethics can. Business Ethics- Practice in Bangladesh In Bangladesh, though practice of Business ethics is still not so commendable in public sector and small companies, but business ethics has been an increasing concern among larger companies, at least since the 1990s. Major corporations increasingly fear the damage to their image associated with press revelations of unethical practices. The following information about the functions relating ethics and social responsibility of 2 reputed companies of our country will give a brief idea about the practice of Business Ethics in Bangladesh. ACI Limited Advanced Chemical Industries (ACI) Limited is one of the leading conglomerates in Bangladesh, with a multinational heritage. They have a mission to achieve business excellence through quality by understanding, accepting, meeting and exceeding customer expectations. They follow International Standards on Quality Management System to ensure consistent quality of products and services to achieve customer satisfaction. They are focusing on improving the food habit of consumers through providing more ready to cook products and ready to eat as well. Their visions are to establish harmonious relationship with the community and promote greater environmental responsibility within its sphere of influence. Their Values are Quality, Customer Focus, Fairness, Transparency, Continuous Improvement, and Innovation. Ethical Approaches: Societal Development through Educational Programs: ACI’s guiding principle in all its operations is to be a responsible corporate citizen. Thus Social Responsibility is a top priority for every individual at ACI. Their Initiatives and significant contribution to societal development is Continued Medical Education (CME) for medical professionals and Children’s Education Programs. ACI has also undertaken an English Education program in Faridpur, one of the remotest districts of Bangladesh. This provides support to teach English Language to school going children. Doctors in Bangladesh who are not living in the metropolitan cities have very limited access to the Internet or any other sources of information. In order to keep them updated on the developments in the medical practices regularly, the CME program has been proven highly effective. ACI believes that by promoting education of children, they are contributing to societal development by shaping the minds of their futur e leaders. Environment Friendly Practices: ACI has undertaken extensive programs to educate crop farmers all over rural Bangladesh in Good Agricultural Practices. They have a team of agricultural experts working at the field level all across the country, holding a range of technical trainings and field demonstrations. ACI also has similar education programs for animal and poultry farmers. These include, Technical trainings on diverse aspects of farming, and on application of new technologies, Farmers‘ group meeting for sharing of learning and experience, Free visits to farms by veterinarians, to identify problems and give advices to individual farmers. Most importantly, making the farmers aware of ways to protect the environment from hazardous uses of chemicals on their farms, allowing them the opportunity for informed decision-making. ACI hopes to continue to play a leading role in promoting greater environmental responsibility among farmers in Bangladesh. Unethical Approaches: ACI Company produces some products which do not work properly, like ACI Aerosol. It is mainly produced for killing mosquitoes, but that’s not true. Most of the mosquitoes go away for sometimes but not killed. Sometimes some  products like ACI Atta, ACI Maida, etc contains 1975 grams instead of 2000 grams but they fix their prices for 2kg of the products. These are unethical for their marketing practices. Unilever Bangladesh Limited Over the last four decades, Unilever Bangladesh has been constantly bringing new and world class products for the Bangladeshi people to remove the daily drudgery of life. Over 90% of the country’s households use one or more of Unilever products. They aim to give everybody a little something to celebrate about themselves every day. They believe that to succeed in business, it is essential to maintain the highest standards of corporate behavior towards everyone they work with, the communities they touch, and the environment on which they have an impact. Ethical Approaches: Effective Code of business principles: Their code of business principles describes the operational standards that everyone at Unilever follows, wherever they are in the world. It also supports their approach to governance and corporate responsibility. Code of business principles are- Standard of conduct, Obey the law, employees, consumers, shareholders, business partners, community involvement, public activities, the environment, innovation, competition, business integrity, conflict of interest, compliance, reporting, monitor. Women Development and Women Empowerment: Unilever strongly believes in the importance of empowering women in Bangladesh, because the progress of any society will be constrained if a significant part of its population is neglected and excluded from the benefits of development. They believe, with economic and educational empowerment, women can become more vocal about their rights and become stronger in withstanding repression in any form. So they have established â€Å"Fair Lovely Foundation†. The mission of this foundation is to encourage economic empowerment of Bangladeshi women through information and resources in the areas of Education, Career and Enterprise. It is this realization that has brought about the Fair Lovely Foundation Scholarship Program. Under this scholarship scheme, women who have passed their HSC each receives a Taka 25,000 scholarship to support her tertiary level education. Unethical Approaches: Unilever produces Fair lovely fairness cream, lotion, etc and they claim that skin color will be white after using this product. But that it is not true. There are no scientific values about whiteness. This is totally unethical performance in marketing activities of this company. Comparative Customer Evaluation on Ethical Performances of 3 Reputed Companies of Bangladesh Figure Customer Response on Maintenance of Ethical Procedure by the Companies (1) Figure Customer Response on Deceptive Practices Used by the Companies (1) Figure Customer Response on Significant Contribution toward Ethical Marketing (1) Figure Customer Response on Satisfaction through Using Products of the Companies (1) Figure Customer Response on Changing of Defective Products by the Companies (1) Bribery Nepotism- A Curse against Ethical Practice Corruption is a very strong example of unethical behavior and it is still prevailing in different business sectors of our country in the form of Bribery and Nepotism. Nepotism is the way in which someone approaches and compels a person of power and authority to take necessary steps to get his work done by capitalizing kinship, friendship or political lobbying. Bribery means offering gifts, money etc. to get a work done in unethical way. Often public officers are infamously alleged for taking bribes to award public contracts using their power. Bribery and Nepotism also exist in the corporate world, which is very harmful for ethical practices and creates hindrances in building proper and ethical business environment. Managing or Encouraging Ethical Behavior Managing the financial operations of a company can be a complex effort. Companies need to balance their desire to grow with the realities of maintaining their financial relationships, satisfying their investors and making a profit. Government Regulations: The government can do so by legislating more stringent regulations. But, rules require enforcement and when in many cases there is evidence of lack of enforcement even the ethical business person will tend to slip something by without getting caught. Increased regulation may help, but it surely cannot solve the entire business ethics problems. Trade Associations Setting Guidelines: Trade associations can and often do provide ethical guidelines for their members. These organizations within particular industries are in an excellent position to exert pressures on members that stoop to questionable business practices. Companies Providing Code of Ethics: Employees can more easily determine and adopt acceptable behavior when companies provide them with a code of ethics. Such codes are perhaps the most effective way to encourage ethical behavior. A code of ethics is a written guide to acceptable and ethical behavior that outlines uniform policies, standards and punishments for violations. Because employees know what is expected of them and what will happen if they violate the rules, a code of ethics goes a long way towards encouraging ethical behavior. However, codes cannot possibly cover every situation. Companies must also create an environment in which employees recognize the importance of complying with the written code. Managers must provide direction by fostering communication, actively modeling and encouraging ethical decision making, apart from investing in training employees to make ethical decisions. Whistle Blowing Technique: Sometimes, even employees who want to act ethically may find it difficult to do so. Unethical practices can become ingrained in an organization. Employees with high personal ethics may then take a controversial step called whistle blowing. Whistle blowing is informing the press or government officials about unethical practices in an organization. Whistle blowing could have averted disaster and prevented  needless deaths in the Challenger space shuttle disaster, for example. How could employees have known about life-threatening problems and let them pass? Whistle blowing on the other hand, can have serious repercussions for employees; those who make waves sometimes lose their jobs. Conclusion The main objective of business is to serve people with their every need for the well-being of human being and to ensure that, there is no alternative of following business ethics. Since the practice of business ethics in our country is still not ubiquitous, we are not getting the proper environment for the business, and thus often we are facing some crisis situation and it is hampering our total economic development. Our policy makers and the top executives of the organizations should give more concern in making ethical policies and take proper steps to encourage business executives and service holders to follow them. References 1) â€Å"Ethics In Marketing On Bangladesh Perspective: Study on Few Companies of Bangladesh†- collected from â€Å"World Journal of Management Volume 2. Number 2. September 2010†, the direct link- http://wbiaus.org/10.%20Tajmeela-FINAL.pdf 2) â€Å"Business for the 21st Century†- Skinner Ivancevich 3) â€Å"An Integrated Approach to Business Studies† (4th edition)- Bruce R Jewell 4) â€Å"Business Studies† (4th edition)- Dave Hall-Rob Jones-Carlo Raffo- Alain Anderton 5) www.managementstudyguide.com 6) www.smallbusiness.chron.com 7) www.cwafford.conveycontent.com 8) www.sagepub.com/upm-data/10923_Chapter1.pdf 9) www.businessethics.ca/definitions/business-ethics.html

Magical Realism as a Fusion of Fantasy and Reality Essay -- Literature

Magical Realism as a Fusion of Fantasy and Reality      Ã‚   One month ago, I had never heard of Magical Realism. Since reading the four essays by Franz Roh, Angel Flores, Luis Leal and Amaryll Chanaday and various internet articles, I have a much better understanding of Magical Realism - what it is, how it applies to literature, how it applies to art, and its theory, history, and style.    Magical Realism is a fusion of fantasy and reality. According to Flores, it is a "transformation of common and everyday into the awesome and unreal" (114). This is not even and equal mix. Magical Realism is reality-based with just one fantastic overstatement. This overstatement is described by Pietri as "a kind of extreme state," and that it "favors the unexpected richness of reality" (qtd. in Leal 121). This one fantastic element is always accepted as reality by the characters in the story. It also has hidden meanings in a deeper realm. "The mystery does not descend to the present world but rather hides and palpitates behind it" (Roh 16). Magical Realism is subject to a certain control and is mainly used to show a different way of viewing the world. In this form of expression, the plots are always logically conceived. Magical Realism also expresses emotions without evoking them. In Magical Realism, "key events have no logical or psychological explanation" and "the author does not need to justify the mystery of events" (Leal 123). as a science fiction or fantastic author would. Also, unlike in sci-fi and fantasy stories, the author clings to reality. Flores describes this characteristic by saying the authors "cling to reality as if to prevent 'literature' from getting in their way, as if to prevent their myth from flying off, as i... ...t be literature that is reality based but contains at least one fantastic element that is unexplained but accepted. Now that I understand what it is, I am beginning to find more examples of it all around me. I am looking forward to reading examples of this unusual and interesting genre.    Works Cited Flores, Angel. "Magical Realism in Spanish American Fiction." Magical Realism: Theory, History, Community. Ed. Lois Parkison Zamora and Wendy B. Faris. Durham; N.C.: Duke UP,1995:109-118. Leal, Luis. "Magical Realism in Spanish American Literature." Magical Realism: Theory, History, Community. Ed. Lois Parkison Zamora and Wendy B. Faris. Durham; N.C.: Duke UP,1995:119-124. Roh, Franz. "Magic Realism: Post-Expressionism." Magical Realism: Theory, History, Community. Ed. Lois Parkison Zamora and Wendy B. Faris. Durham; N.C.: Duke UP,1995:15-31.   

Ame and Ame Zion Churches in African American History Essay

There are many questions that come to mind when looking at the significant roles denominationalism affects the Christian faith. We see this growing trend of doctrinal beliefs that cause for many of our African American Churches to worship separately on a weekly bases for Sunday Morning Worship Services and Mid-Week Bible Studies. Through the incorporation of doctrinal beliefs that govern our churches making for divisions within the Christian faith, we also find division and difference within that denomination also. I ask myself this question, how and why there are so many denominations founded and why are there so many sub-cultures or denominational split within them if we are the Body of Christ and one church? Through this paper I will take a look at two churches, the A.M.E. and A.M.E.Z. church to understand what makes them different while exploring the doctrinal beliefs that divide them. The Methodist Church was formed by a few students in England at Oxford University. Known as the Oxford Methodist, they were ridiculed for their beliefs in 1729. They were dubbed â€Å"Bible Bigots,† â€Å"Bible Moths,† and the â€Å"Holy Club.† Three major names are cited as influential members of this group; John and Charles Wesley and Greg Whitefield and where were methodically religious. This group felt that it was necessary to be justified before one could be sanction and that they should give close attention to live a life of holiness. The Methodist movement made its way to the American Colonies after being it was not able to remain within the Church of England. After an evangelistic team made up of many un-churched believers from within the Church of England, under the direction of Wesley, submitted a declaration. This document was penned by John Wesley as early as 1739, outlined general rules of governance with Bible rules and conduct that is still held today by the modern Methodist Church. In 1784 a Deed of Declaration was submitted, giving its ‘legal status’ to the yearly Methodist conference. In this brief historical overview of the Methodist Church as a whole, we see how small divisions within any church organization can form. In this case it was out of a team of evangelist who were not welcomed by the Church of England. The winds of change continued to blow within the Methodist Church movement. The emergence of the African Americans willing to worship the Methodist banner more trials ensued as we see a difference of human rights and equality raising its head. After the formation of the Methodist Church in the United States we see a set of worshipers from within the vast population of slaves in the south. The First Great Awakening in the 1740s led by John Wesley, records in his journal that be baptized two Black converts on November 29, 1758. This Methodist society organized in Maryland in 1764 then later in New York in 1776, both charters included African Americans in great number on their church rosters. As American history notes, the horrible experience of slavery and unjust treatment servant worker who were owned by Whites made for great indifference in this country and likewise within the walls of the Methodist Church. There was a Second Great Awakening that came at the turn of the century in 1800. The Methodist church had a strong following by both freed and not yet freed slaves. They church spoken in opposition to slavery, then late somewhat retreated as a force of the opposition to slavery. As the Slave Rebellions grew constant Gabriel Prosser was constrained to admonish his fellowship to â€Å"spare the Methodist and the Quakers.† Out of this we see the Methodist movement take actions in Virginia where Richard Allen felt the need to withdraw from fellowship with the white Methodists of Philadelphia. Richard Allen and the A.M.E. Church, (African Methodist Church) in 1787 led other black worshipers’ withdrawal from St. George’s Methodist Episcopal Church in Philadelphia after being pulled from their knees is worship in an area that they did not know way off limited to black worshipers. This event led to protest and according to Allan, â€Å"†¦All went out of the church in a body.† â€Å"†¦and they were more plagued with [us] in the church.†

Different Ways of Learning Languages Essay

Being able to speak more than one language I think it’s a gift from God that not every person is blessed with. Having this gift makes me fell very special because I can travel, communicate, and understand others’ people language and culture. At a very young age I started learning French, German and Italian besides my native language, Romanian. Learning a language to me in learning how to ride a bicycle, once you get it going it’s hard to stop. I learned them the natural way without trying or putting to much effort. To me, learning English it was much easier than the other languages I have studied. When I came to America I didn’t speak English at all and I thought that it would take a long time before I learn anything. To be successful learning a new language you must want to learn it, because if you don’t and not interested in you’ll never get it. At the very early stages of learning a language I think going by the book it is not a very good idea. At the beginning you need as much practice as you can get. In my case television played a major role in learning English. Watching TV and trying to understand the conversation helped me improve my vocabulary and pronunciation at the same time. Reading magazines and articles in the newspapers is another way to approach a new language. This way you learn the spelling of words and can look up in the dictionaries for words that couldn’t be understood. Another thing that helped me was being surrounded by people that only spoke English. Having almost no contact with people that spoke Romanian, forced me learn faster than some people. Communicating with others helps also. Making mistakes and having other people correct you helps and improves your skills. The best way to learn is learning from mistakes. Some people are afraid and embarrassed of speaking in front of others. This only holds them back and keeps them away from learning because there is nobody to correct them if necessary. When you want to get deeper into a language you must concentrate on grammar and vocabulary. This is the key of being successful as well as thinking in the target language. Translating from one language to another is a waste of time because you’ll never be good enough. Learning languages it has always been fun for me. I never looked at it as a must but more as a hobby. Learning a new language, to me, is like discovering a new side of me that has been kept in dark for to long and waited to be taken out.

Louis Daguerre, Inventor of Daguerreotype Photography

Louis Daguerre, Inventor of Daguerreotype Photography Louis Daguerre (November 18, 1787–July 10, 1851) was the inventor of the daguerreotype, the first form of modern photography. A professional scene painter for the opera with an interest in lighting effects, Daguerre began experimenting with the effects of light upon translucent paintings in the 1820s.  He became known as one of the fathers of photography. Fast Facts: Louis Daguerre Known For: Inventor of modern photography (the daguerreotype)Also Known As: Louis-Jacques-Mandà © DaguerreBorn: November 18, 1787 in Cormeilles-en-Parisis, Val-dOise, FranceParents:  Louis  Jacques  Daguerre, Anne Antoinette HauterreDied: July 10, 1851 in Bry-sur-Marne, FranceEducation: Apprenticed to  Pierre Prà ©vost, the first French panorama painterAwards and Honors:  Appointed an officer of the  Legion of Honour; assigned an annuity in return for his photographic process.Spouse: Louise Georgina Arrow-SmithNotable Quote: The daguerreotype is not merely an instrument which serves to draw Nature; on the contrary, it is a chemical and physical process which gives her the power to reproduce herself. Early Life Louis Jacques Mandà © Daguerre was born in 1787 in the small town of Cormeilles-en-Parisis, and his family then moved to Orlà ©ans. While his parents were not wealthy, they did recognize their sons artistic talent. As a result, he was able to travel to Paris and study with the panorama painter Pierre Prà ©vost. Panoramas were vast, curved paintings intended for use in theaters. Diorama Theatres In the spring of 1821, Daguerre partnered with Charles Bouton to create a  diorama  theatre. Bouton was a more experienced painter but he eventually bowed out of the project, so Daguerre acquired sole responsibility of the diorama theatre. The first diorama theatre was built in Paris, next to Daguerres studio. The first exhibit opened in July 1822 showing two tableaux, one by Daguerre and one by Bouton. This would become a pattern. Each exhibition would typically have two tableaux, one by each artist. Also, one would be an interior depiction and the other would be a landscape. The diorama was staged in a round room 12 meters in diameter that could seat up to 350 people. The room rotated, presenting a huge translucent screen painted on both sides. The presentation used special lighting to make the screen transparent or opaque. Additional panels were added to create tableaux with effects that could include thick fog, bright sun, and other conditions. Each show lasted about 15 minutes. The stage would then be rotated to present a second, completely different show. Diorama became a popular new medium and imitators arose. Another diorama theater opened in London, taking only four months to build. It opened in September 1823. Partnership With Joseph Nià ©pce Daguerre regularly used a camera obscura as an aid to painting in perspective, which led him  to think about ways to keep the image still. In 1826 he discovered the work of Joseph Nià ©pce, who was working on a technique for stabilizing images captured with the camera obscura. In 1832, Daguerre and Nià ©pce used a photosensitive agent based on lavender oil. The process was successful: they were able to obtain stable images in under eight hours. The process was called Physautotype. Daguerreotype After Nià ©pces death, Daguerre continued his experiments with the goal of developing a more convenient and effective method of photography. A fortunate accident resulted in his discovery that mercury vapor from a broken thermometer could speed the development of a latent image from eight hours to just 30 minutes. Daguerre introduced the daguerreotype process to the public on August 19, 1839, at a meeting of the French Academy of Sciences in Paris. Later that year, Daguerre and Nià ©pces son sold the rights for the daguerreotype to the French government and published a booklet describing the process. The Daguerreotype Process, Camera and Plates The daguerreotype is a direct-positive process, creating a highly detailed image on a sheet of copper plated with a thin coat of silver without the use of a negative. The process required great care. The silver-plated copper plate had to first be cleaned and polished until the surface looked like a mirror. Next, the plate was sensitized in a closed box over iodine until it took on a yellow-rose appearance. The plate, held in a lightproof holder, was then transferred to the camera. After exposure to light, the plate was developed over hot mercury until an image appeared. To fix the image, the plate was immersed in a solution of sodium thiosulfate or salt and then toned with gold chloride. Exposure times for the earliest daguerreotypes ranged from 3-15 minutes, making the process nearly impractical for portraiture. Modifications to the sensitization process, coupled with the improvement of photographic lenses, soon reduced the exposure time to less than a minute. Although daguerreotypes are unique images, they could be copied by re-daguerreotyping the original. Copies were also produced by lithography or engraving. Portraits based upon daguerreotypes appeared in popular periodicals and in books. James Gordon Bennett, the editor of the New York Herald, posed for his daguerreotype at Bradys studio. An engraving based on this daguerreotype later appeared in the Democratic Review. Daguerreotypes in America American photographers quickly capitalized on this new invention, which was capable of capturing a truthful likeness. Daguerreotypists in major cities invited celebrities and political figures to their studios in the hopes of obtaining a likeness for display in their windows and reception areas. They encouraged the public to visit their galleries, which were like museums, in the hope that they would desire to be photographed as well. By 1850, there were more than 70 daguerreotype studios in New York City alone. Robert Cornelius 1839 self-portrait is the earliest extant American photographic portrait. Working outdoors to take advantage of the light, Cornelius (1809-1893) stood before his camera in the yard behind his familys lamp and chandelier store in Philadelphia, hair askew and arms folded across his chest, and looked off into the distance as if trying to imagine what his portrait would look like. Cornelius and his silent partner Dr. Paul Beck Goddard opened a daguerreotype studio in Philadelphia around May 1840 and made improvements to the daguerreotype process that enabled them to make portraits in a matter of seconds, rather than the three- to 15-minute window. Cornelius operated his studio for two and a half years before returning to work for his familys thriving gas light fixture business. Death Toward the end of his life, Daguerre returned to the Paris suburb of Bry-sur-Marne and resumed painting dioramas for churches. He died in the city at age 63 on July 10, 1851. Legacy Daguerre is often described as the father of modern photography, a major contribution to contemporary culture. Considered a democratic medium, photography provided the middle class with an opportunity to attain affordable portraits. The popularity of the daguerreotype declined in the late 1850s when the ambrotype, a faster and less expensive photographic process, became available. A few contemporary photographers have revived the process. Sources â€Å"Daguerre and the Invention of Photography.†Ã‚  Nicephore Niepce House Photo Museum.Daniel, Malcolm. â€Å"Daguerre (1787–1851) and the Invention of Photography.† In  Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art.Leggat, Robert. A History of Photography  from Its Beginnings Till the 1920s.

Witchcraft in the 17th Century Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Witchcraft in the 17th Century - Essay Example Many women owned property and operated farms and businesses in competition with their male neighbors. Disputes arose, especially after a husband died and left property to his widow.† (Wilson, 78) This period of history was marked by politico-religious turmoil too. The gender politics that began as a reaction to women’s economic empowerment got mixed with bigotry. Hence, women were now much more likely than men to be accused of witchcraft and tortured that way. The events like the Salem Witch Trials (1692) manifested as an orgy of violence, mainly targeted against women. The policymakers were then frightened to witness the mass hysteria associated with the power of the Puritans. Hence, banning this practice became a legislative imperative. Hence an effort to make the politico-legal system of America more even-handed towards women began which continued even during the 19th century as has been pointed out by Gretchen. As shown in the film ‘The Crucible’, in rel ation to the Salem Witch Trials, Nilan has pointed out, â€Å"Nineteen villagers were hung as witches, four died in prison and one was pressed to death.† This sort of superstitious terror inevitably led to policy reforms and prohibition. 2. Which one of the following do you think were the main two winners and which were the main two losers in England’s Glorious Revolution of 1689, and how and why did the Revolution lead to an expansion of the British Parliament’s policy of Salutary Neglect toward its American possessions? Parties involved: British Monarchy, British Parliament, Church of England, Protestant Dissenters, and Catholics. Answer: The Glorious Revolution of 1689 in England was an event of tremendous importance in the history of not only Europe but also America. The revolution although strengthened the Parliament and democracy, it also encouraged discrimination against Catholics. The main winners: 1. British Parliament: By inviting the William of Orange to invade England, the British Parliament ensured the partnership of the superior Dutch naval fleet. After deposing King James II, the Parliament now did not give much power to the new monarch William III (the William of Orange). Instead, it began to increase its power more and more as it levied maritime advantage by the merger of English and Dutch fleets. 2. Protestant Dissenters: Members from both the Tories and the Whigs united under the common umbrella of Protestant reaction against a possible Catholic Monarchy, and they ultimately established a parliamentary system that strongly favored the Protestants. In this way, Protestants prevailed. The main losers: 1. British Monarchy: Since King James II was deposed, not only the possibility of a Catholic dynasty was destroyed but also the very institution of the Monarchy itself began to decline rapidly under the pressure of the British Parliament. 2. Catholics: Protestants were the majority in the British Parliament after the events o f 1689. They eradicated the Catholics from the political system. Thousands of Catholics lost power and property in the subsequent decades.

MDCM (B) Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

MDCM (B) - Case Study Example In light of this fact, it was decided to alter the overall IT systems. The CEO and the CIO decided to present before the board 12 numerous potential projects. However, the members were to keep into consideration that they ought to accomplish the desired goal within short period of time (Jeffery, M & Norton, J. F. â€Å"MDCM, Inc. (B): Strategic IT Portfolio Management†) The main goal of these set of projects according to the IT Portfolio Management (ITPM) team was to overhaul MDCM’s IT system in the period ranging thirty-six months. In total, twelve major potential projects and initiatives were identified. The main objective of the team was to eradicate innumerable standards as well as IT methodologies all over the country. It can be examined that this initiative would require all the IT professionals, contractors and consultants to be trained as per the new methodology. This project would therefore require three months (Jeffery, M & Norton, J. F. â€Å"MDCM, Inc. (B): Strategic IT Portfolio Management†) Network consolidation leads to increased needs for storage consolidation. Some companies as well consolidate the data centers together with the intranets, traditional LANs and computing networks (Blade, â€Å"Introduction†). The company found it beneficial to consolidate the data centers to three locations and therefore shift the network of the company to a virtual private network (VPN). It was estimated that the savings from this project would be approximately $1.1 million and the time required for successively completing the project would be six months (Jeffery, M & Norton, J. F. â€Å"MDCM, Inc. (B): Strategic IT Portfolio Management†) The main objective of the company was to standardize the hardware and the platforms. The main benefits that the organisation receives on standardizing them include reduced cost of IT deployment and easy IT support and training (Gantz & Turner, â€Å"Standardisation†). There are many underlying